Task Centred Practice And Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Social Work Essay

Task Centred Practice And Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Social Work Essay This assignment will focus on two approaches of intervention: Task-Centred Practice (TCP) and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). Along the theories interventions description, it will take note on any issues of anti- discrimination practice. It will also point out, the similarities and differences; the advantages and disadvantages of the approaches and finally bring a conclusion. Accordingly to Marsh (2002, p.106) cited in Trevithick (2005), task-centred is a practice approach given that it does not have knowledge based unlike other approaches. However, Doel alleges that t is a practice with knowledge based and one of models of problem solving emerged from both system and learning theory (Trevithick, 2005, p276). Trevithick (2005) states TCP originated from the study done by Reid and Shyne (1969) and Reid Epstein (1972) who allege task-centred practice undertake within the time-limits is effective compare to long-term interventions. TCP deals with problems recognised by service users; problems clients can solve outside hours of sessions; obviously defined problems; problems result from life issues that clients want to change and finally; problems from unacceptable desires by service users (Payne, 2005) It is a most effective practice that tackles individuals and families problems with the process based on the empowerment and partnership work between practitioner and clients who have to work on the agreed tasks based on one task at a time, achievable goals and objective task that can successfully be completed within time-limited (Parker and Bradley 2007). However, task-centred practice has five stages which in relating to scenario one; first, professional, Tom, Mary and Matt have to identify their behaviours problems. Second, they have to agree on the specific tasks with expected changes. For example Tom and Matt, have to agree tasks that will help to modify their anxieties. Mary also needs to agree tasks to help to lessen her fear so that she re-engages with her friends and families. In addition, Mary needs parenting skills to enable her to handle Matts unwanted behaviour. Third, they have to devise tasks based on the agreed goals. Fourth, signed contract on the achievable tasks and lastly, end tasks (Coulshed 2006). Moreover, task-centred practice required social worker in addition to the selective agreed targets within time-limited; to use tasks to improve obvious problems; re-assess tasks and finally negotiate with clients (Stepney 2000). Hence, professional has to work with Mary, Tom and Matt within time schedule to identify their obvious maladaptive behaviour and to review and continue negotiation them to realise what changes have been made. Stepney Ford (2000) cited in Howe (2009) describe task-centred as a method that can be easily modified to use in the various circumstances to solve individuals problems but it doesnt focus on the clients unconscious mind. However, Reid Epstein (1972) argue that Task-centre model is effective to a particular problems of interpersonal conflict within families; disaffection in social relationship; problems in dealing with formal organisations; difficulties in role performance; problems of social transition; reactive emotional distress and problems in securing adequate material resources including behavioural problems (Stepney Ford, 2000, P.52) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy was emerged in 1950 1960 to counter the primacy of the psychoanalytic practice however; it was originated from social psychology (Coulshed 2006). It is also an approach that deals with humans thoughts, images, beliefs and attitudes that human have and how humans behaviour are impacted by and influenced these (Lindsay, 2009). Moreover, Cognitive Behaviour practice focuses on modifying individuals environment whereby behaviours arise, cause, prompt, provoke and its consequences (Parker Bradley, 2007) as well as describing and pointing out clients behavioural problems of social phobias, anxiety and depression (Payne, 2005). According to Coulshed and Orme (2006) behaviour is learnt and can be unlearned then new one can be learned to replace an existing behaviour therefore, they state four types of learning: respondent conditioning whereby humans unconscious behaviour can be controlled; operant conditioning whereby behaviour is modified as a result of its consequences for instance the reward. Next, observational learning in which human being can adapt new attitude by learning from other people. This could be a case of Matt with Tom who is a fathers figure in the family. Finally, cognitive learning whereby humans attitudes are controlled by the environment as their feeling and thoughts are attached to an event (Coulshed 2006). Moreover, CBT is a model that deals with anger, depression, anxiety, conduct disorders such as phobias as well as helping the individuals to manage their anxiety and offending behaviour by challenging the unacceptable behaviour and negative thoughts (Howe 2009 P.70). Coulshed Orme (2006) suggest eight stages in CBT. Stage one: is the engagement whereby clients and professional have to explore expectations and be clear about roles and who should do; stage two: is problem focus whereby worker is required to identify and clarify problems that troubled clients and dealing with it in the chronological order; stage three: is problem assessment whereby practitioner have to ask open question to enable clients to openly discuss his behaviour, feeling and thoughts on event so that worker find out how clients would behave differently; stage four: required professional to equip clients with cognitive therapy skills and then make observation whether clients have understood and responded positively to the thoughts; stage five: target and challenge the associated assumptions; stage six: use of questions to motivate clients to recognise oneself in order to change their personal negative view; stage seven: setting behavioural homework task for clients whereby wo rker have to keep records of the positive progress; stage eight: ending task by enhancing clients skills so that he is able to handle future problem (Coulshed, 2006) Moreover, CBT helps clients to manage their anxieties and to realise when they are getting angry by teaching them the relaxation methods as well as requiring practitioner at the same time to identify problems in order to make an accurate evaluation in detail by taking notes of when, with whom and how often it occurs (Howe 2009 P.70) [According to Scott and Dryden (2003), CBT is underpinned by knowledge about how we learn and it is divided into four main areas of increasing coping skills, problem solving, cognitive restructuring and structural cognitive therapy (Lindsay 2009, p.68)] There some similarities between two models, they focused on the specific problems, follow particular structures and they are experimental to problems and practice within time-limits (Coulshed, 2006). Both approaches have problem-solving characteristics and their practices are based on partnership and agreed tasks between worker and clients to plan and implement achievable goals; they also use motivation to encourage clients so that they obviously and precisely detail the disturbed experiences (Payne, 2005). Moreover, Nezu et al. (1989) allege, TCP and CBT as problem-solving; they motivate clients to recognise their existing problems in order to describe it and find alternative solutions and by choosing most successful solution to plan and implement it and then re-examine their progress (Lindsay 2009) However, they are some differences. TCP was initiated and developed on its own merit for particular work in social work whereas CBT was originated from psychological approach (Lindsay 2009) In CBT, the support offer to clients can go beyond intervention schedule whereby client has setback but TCP, is more structured and practice within set time-limits. Moreover, in CBT practitioner make use of observations, assessments and evaluations to weigh up the level of the problem by relying on the behavioural learning theory and techniques whereas in TCP; client is requested to describe and discuss their problems on their own (.) Task-centred model has numerous advantages making it to be very popular in most social work practices. It is a practice that encourages partnership work between worker and clients which contributes to solve other parts of clients problem (Parker Bradley 2007) As a problem-solving practice, its intervention is based on short-term; clear distinct tasks and dealt with problems in the chronological order; clients are motivated to help to boost their self-esteem and strengths to succeed goals (Lindsay 2009] In addition, Task-centred model has more power to deal with anti-discriminatory because of its acknowledgement of the environment demands; clients are empowered and; it also deals with oppression issue Ahmad (1990) and OHagan (1994) cited in (Payne, 2005). Furthermore, Task-centred approach elicits a series of problems and tempts to enhance clients capability to handle their difficulties and focuses on the practical achievable tasks to help bring solution to the problems in order to assist clients emotions. Payne 2005) Task-centred practice is disadvantaged because it also deals with reluctant clients and those who have inability to consent or sign contract given that this practice is based on collaboration between practitioner and clients who both have to discuss and agreed specific tasks to be done (Payne, 2005). This is shows an anti-discrimination practice as Thompson (2006 argues that, discrimination practice leads to oppression in the way that people with prominent position can in their roles or relation with powerless people discriminate against them. The intervention of the task-centres model based on the time-limits and partnership between worker and clients constitutes barriers as professional might not evidenced clients full recovery as tasks success are rely on the relationship between worker and client (Payne 2005). Moreover, the results of the task-centred practice intervention might bring clients to accept a certain standard or norms of behaviour and at its worst time; the practice might be seen as the behaviour modification and also the need of the organisations management and performance to meet their targets might also hindered clients needs (Coulshed, 2005). Disadvantages of CBT: The application of CBT has ethical issue grounds given that service users do not take control of behaviour other than worker controlling clients behaviour which could lead practitioner to impose his desires on service users who might not prior consented as this is in the favour of social or political policies. This can sometimes lead to excess of power of control and particularly when techniques are badly applied by other practitioners (Payne 2005 p.129) that can be oppressive and anti-discriminatory. It is also a practice that deal with individuals because its procedures omits the feelings of clients and doesnt recognise clients past events as well as denying human its integral part (Parker Bradley 2007).

Markets Price And Non Price Economics Essay

An agreement made where purchasers and Sellerss come in close contact with each other straight or indirectly to sell or purchase goods and services.Categorization of MarketsMarket CharacterisitcsMarket TYPE NO.OF Buyers NO.OF Firms Entry Conditionss Market power Demand snap Merchandise Differentiation Net income maximastion status Pricing Power Perfect competition Many purchasers Many Sellerss Free None Absolutely elastic Homogeneous P=MR=MC=AR=Min AC Monetary value Taker Monopolistic competition Many purchasers Many Sellerss Free Limited Relatively elastic Close Substitutes with differentitated merchandises MC=MR To the extent of their merchandises Oligopoly competition Many purchasers Few Restricted Some Relatively elastic Close replacements, differentiated or homogeneous merchandises MC go throughing through discontinuous MR Uncertain Duopoly competition Many purchasers Two Restricted Divided Relatively elastic Very near replacements–_Monopoly competition Many purchasers One Restricted Full moon Relatively inelastic No replacements MC=MR Monetary value Maker Monetary value and Non-Price Competition: non monetary value competion may be describe as the selling scheme under which the peculiar house tires to diffrentitate its merchandise from the competitiors merchandise this distinguish is done by the designor workmenship. It can be besides distinguish merchandise by offereing through quality service, client attending, distribustion scheme and other promotional activity. Where as the monetary value competion is refered to when the houses attempts to separate its productfrom the rival by maintaining the monetary value of the merchandise lower than the competitiors one. Now a yearss more houses are engaged with the non monetary value competion though it is really expensive in nature the ground behind that it is more profitable than selling the goods at lower monetary value and avoid the hazards of monetary value war. By and large in oligopoly markets and monopolistic markets are utilizing the non monetary value scheme because in this competions the houses becomes extermely competent with each other. Central of the non monetary value competion is merchandise diffrentiation. Hence the characteristics of merchandise diffrentiation are: Technical criterions Quality criterions Design characteristics Service characteristics Merchandise diffrentiation as the footing of set uping a down ward falling demand curve. This were introduced by the SRAFFA.but the chamberlin suggested that the demand is non merely determined by the pricind scheme of the house but besides by the manner of the merchandise and the services associated with them.he introduces two policy variables ; which are merchandise itself and selling activities. Individual house is incorporated with this dimensions therefore, the demand curve will switch if: The manner, servicesor the merchandising scheme of the house alterations Rivals change their monetary value, end product and servicesor merchandising policies Tastes incomes, pricesor selling policies of merchandise from the other industry alteration Non monetary value competition: Non monetary value competition is applicable to all types of markets except than the monopoly and perfect competition: Perfect competition: exclusion because the in this state of affairs he all merchandise are homogeneous in nature Monopoly: exclusion because the individual marketer is the accountant of Te market so no 1 at that place for the non monetary value competitio Non monetary value determiners of demand: non monetary value deteminants can be described as the any attempt made by the house to prolong in the market to gain the net income and to increse their demand in the market. Following are the some non monetary value determiners of the demand, Tastes and prefrences Income Monetary values of sustitutes Number of purchasers Future outlooks of purchasers Financing footings. As the determiners of demand are of import in the monopolistic market we besides should give equal importance to the determiners of the supply in the non monetary value competition Factor inputs alterations Production technique Change in no of Sellerss in the market Expectation of future alterations in monetary value Advantages of the non monetary value competition ; Consumers gets low monetary values Manufacturers and providers are going more displine in natureto cust down the monetary values. New betterments in engineering Enormous betterment in the quqlity or service Imformation for the consumers leting people to do more informed pick Price snap of the demand: Responsiveness on the snap of the measure demanded of a good or service to a alteration in its monetary value.it gives the per centum alteration in the measure demanded in responses to the 1 % alteration in the monetary value. Price competion is applicable in all types of markets except so perfect competion and monopoly competion. Perfect competion: exclusion because in perfect competion the houses are monetary value takers the monetary value is non decided by the house it is accepted. Monopoly competition: exclusion because in this state of affairs there is a individual marketer in the market who is the decider of the monetary value hence it is non applicable. Price snap of demand with reapect to the markets Perfect competition: in the the perfect competion the elasticiy of edmand is prefectly elastic in nature because all the merchandises availble in this market are homogeneous in the nature. As the homogeneous merchandises are perfect replacement for each other the market becomes extremely recative in nature. monopolistic market: snap of demand is comparatively elastic In nature as the stopping point substitues are availble in the market this substitues are availble with the small diffrention. Oligopoly market: oligopoly market is some how combination of the perfect competition and monopolistic market so the snap of the demand the comparatively high in nature as the all merchandises are homogeneous in nature and they are utility for each other. Duopoly market: in he duopoly market there are merely two Sellerss in the markets with regard to many purchasers. The snap is comparatively elastic because in this state of affairs there are really close substitues are availble for the merchandise. Monopoly market: in this market the snap is comparatively inelastic nature as there is merely one goad the reactivity of the demand for a good to alter in the monetary value of anthoer good.it is measured as the per centum alteration in demand for the first good that occurs in reactivity to % alteration in monetary value or 2nd good.Cross monetary value snap of the perfect competion with regard to replacements:the reactivity of the demand for a good to alter in the monetary value of anthoer good.it is measured as the per centum alteration in demand for the first good that occurs in reactivity to % alteration in monetary value or 2nd good.Cross monetary value snap of the perfect competion with regard to replacements:ucer in the market so the manufacturer is holding the full market poer in the custodies. there is no sustitute availble in the market. Cross monetary value snap of demand with the availble substitues: Cross monetary value snap: the reactivity of the demand for a good to alter in the monetary value of anthoer good.it is measured as the per centum alteration in demand for the first good that occurs in reactivity to % alteration in monetary value or 2nd good.Cross monetary value snap of the perfect competion with regard to replacements:Perfect competiton: the high monetary value cross snap can be seen in this market as the manufacturer Is monetary value taker and non the monetary value shaper. More over that the merchandises are homogeneous in nature which are replacement for each other. Monopolistic competition: there are figure of manufacturers are at that place in the market.du to the high competition the manufacturers are willing to do more market portion so the cross monetary value snap is comparatively high in nature. Oligopoly competition: in this market the cross monetary value snap do issues because in this market. As the replacements are availble in the market with the homogenity or merchandise diffrention. Duopoly competition: there are merely two manufacturers are availble in the markets there are really close replacement for each other and because of this cross monetary value snap is low. Monopoly competition: there is merely one manufacturer in the market and no replacement is availble so there is no inquiry of cross monetary value snap.

National Historic Preservation Act of 1966

The National Historic Preservation Act is a law that serves to create the â€Å"National Register of Historic Places, the list of â€Å"National Historic Landmarks and the posts of â€Å"State Historic Preservation Officers† of the United States which aims of preserving the entire national and archeological site in the said country (nps.gov, 2007). Enacted in 1966, it has already been to a lot of amendments since then, this law mandates government agencies to determine the effects of various government funded construction projects (fema.gov, 2002). In other words, this act encourages the government agencies to safeguard their preservations programs alongside with the advisory council on Historic preservation. The reason of the existence of this act is due to the fact that year after year, historical sites and other national heritage places has been experiencing degrading concern and of less priority as a government sponsored public works projects. There have been a lot of national heritage sites and historical places that needs major attention, and only the government could help them to be preserved and maintained. Currently, National Historic Preservation Act serves as the basis of most of the government policies concerning on historical preservation in America. With the aid of this act, the role of the Federal preservations was expanded which gives way for the birth of the â€Å"National Antiquities Act† which gives the president the power to restrict the use of any public land owned by the government through executive order. With this, the government authorities would now have the authority and the means of further protecting and preserving the historical site in the United States. Moreover, the federal power could now also be distributed to various states and from the state going to the localities to ensure the effectiveness of the said act. In addition to this, the Historical preservations already widened its coverage by including even the places with no significant historical value. The Effects With the implementation of this act, the definition of a â€Å"Historical value† was broadened. Before the said law was enacted in 1966, only the historical places are being valued by the government or the only one who’s having attention to most of the government officials. But after the birth of the National Historic Preservation Act, it is already being included in the lists of National Register of Historic Places the sites, buildings, objects and all the structures that has of great significance and value to American history, architecture, archeology and culture may it be of a national, state or local significance. In addition to that, the word â€Å"district† is also already being included in the scope of this act. This only means that neighborhoods can already be now included in the preservation program of the government as mandated by law. With the inclusion of the word â€Å"district† in the scope of this law would rationalize any endowment that the secretary of the interior for rehabilitation and exterior restoration in historic districts gives to individuals from various sectors which have identified any neighborhood that is of great importance to them (Murtagh). Moreover, the confusion between the grants for house rehabilitation and the current programs of the secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development can now be clarified. The said law is also the one responsible for making the Department of Interior takes the responsibility of planning and rehabilitating historic districts which was being handled by the Department of Housing and Urban Development. With this, there would be more efficient implementation of the said law since it is not the forte of the Department of Housing and Urban Development the said responsibility. Furthermore, it is through the aid of this law that most of the citizens now understands that there are still other means of ensuring the quality of housing projects in the state and local levels aside from the destruction of urban renewal. Government officials could now get funds for the replacement of the existing housing stock not only from the secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development but also to the secretary of the Department of Interiors. This means that there are already more government agencies that could serve as a source of funds to finance the rehabilitation activities of various agencies and groups. The said act also give way for the establishment of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation made by people from the cabinet of the president and a selected number of private citizens which would serve as the group of people responsible in determining the effects of the federal tax to the cultural properties of the country as well as on the proper treatment of the cultural properties existing in the United States. Case Study Back in the 1990’s, Texans had some hard time in convincing the Texas government to make the Washington-on-the Brazos, the site where the Texas Declaration of Independence had been signed, to be considered as a historical site. What the Texan government tried to consider was the Alamo and San Jacinto battlefield. There were three reasons why the government chose the said two places as a historical site and not the Washington-on-the-Brazos. First was that Washington-on-the-Brazos has little a number of ruined houses that are far from major roads and towns whereas Alamo was situated in downtown San Antonio and San Jacinto battlefield was near from Houston. Secondly, the signing of the declaration of independence was not a concrete physical place or even related not to mention that the document was not in Washington but already placed in the State Archives at Austin. The last but not he least would be that only the local people are the one who is considering the said town site a place valuable of preservation (Trujillo, 2000). This clearly gives us the idea that there is a big discrepancy between what is to be preserved and what is important to the community. Before, as stated above, only those places that are within reach and accessible are only being granted with preservation like Alamo and San Jacinto and not considering those places that has of significant value to the locals as well as the community as a whole. REFERENCES fema.gov. (2002). National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), 1966 As Amended (2000) [Electronic Version], 1. Retrieved 10-06-07 from http://www.fema.gov/plan/ehp/ehplaws/nhpa.shtm. Murtagh, W. Keeping Times nps.gov. (2007). National Historic Preservation Act of 1966-as amended through 1992 [Electronic Version], 65. Retrieved 10-06-07 from http://www.nps.gov/history/local-law/FHPL_HistPrsrvt.pdf. Trujillo, M. à . L. (2000). Lights and Shadows in Texas Preservation: The Case of Washington-on-the-Brazos State National Park [Electronic Version], 20. Retrieved 10-06-07.      

International Monetary System Of The European Economies

ECON310-1603B-08 Instructor: Janet Hunter Unit 4- International Monetary System Amanda Kranning September, 2016 International monetary system Immigration of refugees into other economies has been an issue in the affected countries that play a vital role in the harboring of refugees. It goes without saying that the influx of refugees comes with some standing effects that may influence the financial system of the recipient countries positively or negatively. Having been an issue for some time European economies are affected by the influx of immigrants. The resulting effects are quite varied and influence some spheres in the economics scale mainly on how the influx of refugees impact the public finances, how the refugees affect the labor markets and what effects it has on healthcare systems. This paper focuses on the diverse effects of the refugees on the European economies at large. Overtime the effects of the arrival of refugees in the European economies have affected the economies significantly more. Reliable resources have proven that migrants contribute less in terms of public finances because apparently they offer minimum taxes as injections into the public expenditure. (Eichengreen, 1998) However, they can do more in terms of contributing to the net expenditure of the affected countries by improving their employment rates. That way, they get to contribute more to the economies in terms of public finance. 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